BSN Program

Whenever possible, it's a good idea to cite the original research evidence (as referenced within review articles or databases like UpToDate and Cochrane Library).  There are times, however, when you may want to cite the UpToDate or Cochrane summary.  In that case, the citation formats below are recommended.

An example of a citation for an UpToDate review:

Robertson, R. P. , & Udler, M. S. (2023).  Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. UptoDate.  Retrieved February 4, 2024,

from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search

An example of a citation for a Cochrane Library review:

Peer, N., Balakrishna, Y., & Durao, S. (2020). Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus.  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.  https://doi.org//10.1002/14651858.CD005266.pub2

Like UpToDate, Essential Evidence Plus is a subscription database with content reviewed and updated regularly.  A retrieved date is also included to alert a reader that the information may have changed since it was retrieved.  The citation format below is recommended:

Robertson, S., Song, C., Smilnak, T., & O’Connor, N. (2023). Diabetes mellitus (type 2). Essential Evidence Plus. Retrieved September 4, 2023, from https://www.essentialevidenceplus.com/content/eee/127

Citations from the Merck Manual follow the APA Publication Manual guidelines for an entry in an encyclopedia or reference work.  Because the Merck Manual is updated regularly, a Retrieved date is also included to alert a reader that the information may have changed since it was retrieved.

Brutsaert, E.F. (2023). Diabetes Mellitus (DM). In Merck Manual Professional Version. Merck & Co., Inc. Retrieved February 4, 2024, from https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm