BSN Program

Citing Original and Timely Content from UpToDate and Cochrane Reviews

APA designates distinctive citation formats for articles from these databases:

• an example of a citation for an UpToDate review:

Robertson, R. P. , & Udler, M. S. (2025).  Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. UptoDate.  Retrieved February 4, 2025, 

from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search

• an example of a citation for a Cochrane Library review:

Tully, P. J., Schutte, N., Guppy, M. P. B., Garatva, P., Wittert, G., & Baumeister, H. (2025). Psychological interventions for depression in people with diabetes mellitus.  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.  https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD016005

Like UpToDate, Essential Evidence Plus is a subscription database with proprietary content reviewed and updated regularly.  A retrieved date is also included to alert a reader that the information may have changed since it was retrieved.  The citation format below is recommended:

Robertson, S., Caviness, D., Song, C., Smilnak, T., & O’Connor, N. R. (2023). Diabetes mellitus (type 2). Essential Evidence Plus. Retrieved February 4, 2025, from https://www.essentialevidenceplus.com/Home/Essential_Evidence_Topics?id=MTI3

Citations from the Merck Manual follow the APA Publication Manual guidelines for an entry in an encyclopedia or reference work.  Because the Merck Manual is updated regularly, a retrieved date is also included to alert a reader that the information may have changed since it was retrieved.

Brutsaert, E.F. (2024). Diabetes mellitus (DM). In Merck Manual Professional Version. Merck & Co., Inc. Retrieved February 4, 2025, from https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm